the respiratory system exchanges gases! the primary function is to obtain oxtgen for cells and remove carbon dioxide from our bodies, the secondary functions focus on filtering and warming incoming air, aid in speech production and sense of smell, it also helps with the regulation of blood pH by removing carbon dioxide. the oxygen is used by body cells to oxidixe glucose to produce energy! glucose + O2 -> energy (ATP) + CO2 + H2O (Cellular respiration). this reaction takes place in the mitochondria of the cells. now for the lining of the respiratory tract, most of it is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium which are goblet cells that produce mucus which traps dust and pathogens, hair-like projections called cilia that sweeps mucous towards the pharynx so it can be swallowed or spat out, the exception is the alveoli which is made of simple squamous epithelium. the upper respiratory tract which is also called the conducting zone includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx which consists of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx and the larynx. the lower respiratory tract has the trachea, bronchial tree which includes the primary and secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alevoli, last is the lungs.
nose: the opening to the nasal cavity, it's formed by the 2 nasal bones and hyaline cartilage. the nasal cavity includes the septum which separates the interior of the nose into 2 cavities and is formed by the ethomoid and vomer bones. it also contains the nasal conchae which is are bony projections from the lateral walls of the nose, they are covered with mucous membrane and increases the surface area of the mucous membrane, last the floor is formed by a hard palate which separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity, the palate is formed by the maxillary and palatine bones. the paranasal sinuses are air filled cavities in the bones of the skull. frontal, sphenoidal, maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses drains into the nasal cavity. the paranasal sinuses help make the skull lighter, it also warms and moistens the air and resonates our voice. the pharynx is the passageway for food and air, it includes the throat and is lined with mucous membrane, the nasopharynx is located behind the nasal cavity, the oropharynx is behind the oral cavity and the laryngopharynx passageway goes into the larynx. now the larynx is our voice box, it is formed by the thyroid cartilage and is a passageway into the trachea, the epiglottis is located here it partially covers the opening to the larynx when swallowing, it is made of elastic cartilage and contains our vocal cords which produce sound. the trachea are made of rings of hyaline cartilage which holds our trachea open, it is posteriorly between the rings and soft tissue allows for the esophagus to expand during swallowing. the bronchial tree consists of branches of airways leading from the trachea to the alveoli. the primary bronchi includes the trachea branching into each the right and left lung. the secondary bronchi are from the primary bronchi, theres 3 right branches therefore 3 lobes and 2 left branches therefore 2 lobes. the bronchioles are small air passageways to the alveoli. the alveolar ducts are passageways from bronchioles into alveoli. the alveoli are air sacs composed of simple sqaumous epithelium. the lungs are located from your clavicle to the diaphragm, it consists of the alveoli, elastic tissue and bronchial passages. theres 3 lobes in the right lung and 2 in the left, it contains respiratory membrane. that membrane is a single cell thick in the alveolar epithelium, a fused basement membrane and the capillary endothelium. the function allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass back and forth via diffusion. the pleura is a moist, smooth and slippery serous membrane, the parietal lines the chest cavity, visceral covers outer surface of lungs and the pleural is a fluid filled space betweent the visceral and parietal pleura. they reduce the friction between the lungs and chest wall while breathing.
types of breathing - there is pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transportation, internal respiration and cellular respiration. the pulmonary ventilation is the physical process of breathing, the inspiration part is the movement of air into the lungs and expiration is the air leaving our lungs. inspiration contracts and moves the diaphragm downward. the thoracic cavity increases in size while breathing. the parietal pleura is pilled outward drawing the visceral pleura with it, the elastic tissue of the lung stretches and the volume of lungs increase. for expiration the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward and the thoracic cavity decreases in size and for the lungs; tension on the parietal pleura is released, elastic recoil of lungs and the volume of the lungs decreases. our breathing is controlled by the respiratory centers in the brainstem which are the pons and medulla oblongata.
types of respiration - there is external respiration which is the exchange of gases in lungs, carbon dioxide moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air and then out of the body in expelled air, the oxygen moves from the alveoli into the lung capillaries and this occurs through the respiratory membtane.for the movement of gases in the blood oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin which is called oxyhemoglobin, carbon dioixde is also transported and some are bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin and is mostly dissolved in blood plasma as HCO3-ions (bicarbonate). internal respiration is the exchange of gases in the tissues, oxygen moves out of the capillary blood and into the cells, carbon dioxide moves from the cells into capillary blood.